â€å“a Taxonomy of Protest Votingã¢â‚¬â Annual Review of Political Science 21 135ã¢â‚¬â€œ54

Vote cast in an election every bit a form of political protest

Spoiled votes may or may not be protest votes, but are often kept bated for challenges, further test, or disposal.

A protest vote (too chosen a blank, null, spoiled, or "none of the higher up" vote)^[one] is a vote cast in an election to demonstrate dissatisfaction with the pick of candidates or the current political organisation.^[two] Protest voting takes a variety of forms and reflects numerous voter motivations, including political breach.^[three]

Along with avoidance, or not voting, protestation voting is a sign of unhappiness with available options. If protest vote takes the form of a blank vote, it may or may not exist tallied into final results. Protest votes may be considered spoiled or, depending on the balloter system, counted as "none of the to a higher place" votes.

Types of protestation vote [edit]

Protest votes tin take many dissimilar forms:

• Blank ballots
• Null ballots
• Spoiled ballots
• None of the higher up votes
• Votes for a fringe candidate or party, or a less preferred candidate or political party
• Organized protestation votes
• Declined ballots

Protest voting tends to occur among voters who feel alienated merely who have an alternative voting pick, such as a third-political party candidate in the The states, or who tin register their displeasure with the political process past reducing the majority status of a likely winner.^[two] Breach oftentimes leads to abstention from voting, but can also generate participation in the course of a protest vote. In the 1992 United States presidential election, for example, xiv% of those who voted for Ross Perot said they would not take voted at all if he had not run.^[2]

Protest votes tin take the form of blank, null, or spoiled ballots. Blank ballots are ballots with no markings on them. Null ballots are ballots that do not result in a valid vote because the ballot was filled out incompletely or incorrectly.^[4] Spoiled ballots are ballots that have been defaced, crossed-out, or otherwise marked in a way that makes the election ineligible; spoiled ballots nearly clearly indicate the presence of a protest vote.^[5] Write-in votes may also indicate protest voting; in the The states, Mickey Mouse has historically been a popular choice.

None of the above (NOTA) voting is rarely an option in U.South. politics, although it has been an pick on Nevada ballots since 1976.^[3] NOTA voting is proposed as a state-legitimized method of assuasive voters to signal discontent, although selecting a "none" option does not always indicate protestation.^[three]

Other types of protestation voting chronicle more than to the pick of candidate or party selected for a valid vote than the election itself. Voting for a fringe candidate or less preferred political party can exist a mode of signaling dissatisfaction with a leading candidate, party, or policy, or of reducing the margin of victory of the likely winner.^{[2] [vi]}

Protest voting organized past political parties or leaders also occurs, but tends to be rare and associated with extreme circumstances.^[i]

Determining the presence of a protestation vote [edit]

Distinguishing between ballots that have been deliberately bandage as protestation votes and those that are blank, cypher, or spoiled by an individual trying but failing to cast a valid vote is challenging. Bare votes are often associated with protest voting, but can besides be indicators of a lack of information.^[v] Blank, null, and spoiled votes occur more ofttimes in areas with high levels of illiteracy or limited linguistic communication competency.^[4] Spoiled ballots, especially those that take been deliberately defaced or otherwise ruined, are a more reliable indicator of protest votes and of political sophistication.^[5]

Significant protest vote events [edit]

One United States court case determined that voting is not an result of free speech or expression, just rather almost electing officials; in Burdick five Takushi, 1992, the Supreme Courtroom upheld a ban on write-in votes after Alan B. Burdick argued that Hawaii should be required to count his protest vote for Donald Duck.^{[7] [eight]}

In the parliamentary elections in Republic of finland and Sweden, voters have also used Donald Duck as a protest vote.^[9] In Ukraine, the Cyberspace Party nominated Darth Vader for mayoral elections in Kyiv and Odesa, and tried to nominate Darth Vader for presidency, although this application was rejected.^[ten]

Protest voting is common in Latin America, where over five.5% of ballots in presidential elections since 1980 have been blank or spoiled.^[11] During the 2000 presidential elections in Republic of peru, candidate Alejandro Toledo withdrew over concerns almost election integrity and encouraged his supporters to spoil their ballots every bit protestation—an example of organized protest voting.^[1] In that ballot, around 31% of ballots cast were spoiled or blank.^[1]

After the 2002 French presidential ballot, in which far-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen arrived second backside bourgeois candidate Jacques Chirac, protest vote was named a contributing factor. The 2017 French presidential election, won by Emmanuel Macron, saw the highest level of protest voting and avoidance in France since the late 1960s, with 4 1000000 blank or spoiled ballots and an additional 12 meg abstentions.^[12]

In Colombia, the bare vote has a legal path to force a repetition of an election and a change of the candidates in that ballot. Co-ordinate to the paragraph 1 of the article 258 of the Political Constitution of Colombia, if the blank vote in Colombia becomes the almost voted option, the elections should be repeated once and, depending on the nature of the election, the parties should present new candidates or new lists of candidates. This gives the protest vote a way to express dissent with existent electoral consequences. So far, the blank vote has not been majoritarian in presidential or congress elections in Colombia, but it already has forced to echo some elections for mayor'due south office.^[13]

In certain parts of the United states of america, peculiarly in the South, protest candidates often receive a large number of votes in Democratic Party presidential primaries due to a large presence of bourgeois Democrats who, while registered Democrats, often vote Republican at the federal level. This phenomenon received significant attention in the 2012 Autonomous primaries, where attorney John Wolfe Jr. polled at 42% confronting incumbent President Barack Obama in the Arkansas primary, and prisoner Keith Judd received 41% in Westward Virginia. In Oklahoma, non-Obama candidates gathered a combined full of 43%, with the highest number of votes going to anti-abortion activist Randall Terry.^[14] The phenomenon showed up in later on elections merely on a smaller calibration (as many old Democrats left the party). In the 2016 West Virginia Democratic primary, favorite son Paul T. Farrell Jr. received nine% of the vote and placed alee of eventual nominee Hillary Clinton in one county.^[15] In the 2020 primary in that state, fellow favorite son David Rice received a similar 8%.^[16]

Protest vote and abstention [edit]

Abstention may be a type of protestation vote when information technology is not solely the result of apathy or indifference towards politics. In systems where voting is compulsory, abstention may be an act of political disappointment. The anarchist motility rejects representative democracy in favor of a more direct course of government and has historically called for abstention as a form of protest.^[17] Active protest voting, whether through spoiled or bare ballots, tends to communicate dissatisfaction more than effectively than avoidance.^[eighteen]

Abnegation increases the proportion of votes for the most popular candidate or party, while using a protest vote against the popular candidate or political party tin compress a margin of victory. Reducing the margin may result in a hung parliament or a smaller difference between the parties in government, thus limiting the risk a single party will have control over the arrangement.

Come across besides [edit]

• Motion of no confidence
• Listing of democracy and elections-related topics
• Political alienation

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Alvarez, R. Michael; Kiewiet, D. Roderick; Núñez, Lucas (2018). "A Taxonomy of Protest Voting". Annual Review of Political Science. 21: 135–154. doi:ten.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-120425.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Southwell, Priscilla Lewis; Everest, Marcy Jean (1998). "The Electoral Consequences of Alienation: Nonvoting and Protest Voting in the 1992 Presidential Race". The Social Science Journal. 35 (1): 43–51. doi:ten.1016/s0362-3319(98)90058-1.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Damore, David F.; Waters, Mallory M.; Bowler, Shaun (December 2012). "Unhappy, Uninformed, or Uninterested? Agreement "None of the Above" Voting". Political Enquiry Quarterly. 65 (four): 895–907. doi:ten.1177/1065912911424286. JSTOR 41759322.
4. ^ ^{a b} Hill, Lisa; Immature, Sally (September 2007). "Protest or Error? Informal Voting and Compulsory Voting". Australian Journal of Political Science. 42 (three): 515–521. doi:x.1080/10361140701513646.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Driscoll, Amanda; Nelson, Michael J. (September 2014). "Ignorance or Opposition? Bare and Spoiled Votes in Low-Information, Highly Politicized Environments". Political Research Quarterly. 67 (3): 547–561. doi:10.1177/1065912914524634. JSTOR 24371891.
6. ^ Myatt, David (September 2015). "A Theory of Protest Voting". The Economic Periodical. 127 (603): 1527–1567. doi:ten.1111/ecoj.12333.
7. ^ "Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.Due south. 428 (1992)". Cornell University Constabulary School Legal Information Found.
8. ^ Hill, Lisa (2006). "Low Voter Turnout in the United States: Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution?". Journal of Theoretical Politics. 18 (two): 207–232. CiteSeerXx.i.1.1005.9634. doi:10.1177/0951629806061868.
9. ^ Kallionpää, Katri. "Donald Duck holds his own in the north Archived 2013-12-27 at the Wayback Auto." Helsingin Sanomat. March 7, 2007. Retrieved on March four, 2009.
10. ^ Vote Dark Side: 'Darth Vader' Runs for Mayor in Ukraine — NBC News
11. ^ Cohen, Mollie J. (April 22, 2018). "A dynamic model of the invalid vote: How a changing candidate menu shapes null voting behavior". Electoral Studies. 53: 111–121. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.04.015.
12. ^ Smith, Saphora (May 8, 2017). "French Ballot: Protest Vote for 'Nobody' Was Highest In Half a Century". NBC News.
13. ^ Freeman, Daniel East. "The blank vote explained: Colombia's biggest electoral gamble". March 7, 2014.
14. ^ "2012 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions: Chronologically". The Dark-green Papers. Baronial 28, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
15. ^ Rappeport, Alan (2016-05-11). "Protest Candidate, Paul Farrell, Wins ix Percent of West Virginia Primary Vote". The New York Times - First Draft . Retrieved 2017-06-27 .
16. ^ "Results – Democratic Contests". results.enr.clarityelections.com/. West Virginia Secretary of State. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
17. ^ Evans, Danny (September 2016). "'Ultra-left' anarchists and anti-fascism in the Second Republic". International Journal of Iberian Studies. 29 (3): 241–256. doi:10.1386/ijis.29.iii.241_1.
18. ^ Loma, Lisa (2006). "Low Voter Turnout in the United States. Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution?". Periodical of Theoretical Politics. xviii (two): 207–232. CiteSeerXx.1.ane.1005.9634. doi:10.1177/0951629806061868.

External links [edit]

• Voters For None of the Above
• Protestation Vote
• If You Give a Mouse a Vote
• Mickey Mouse and Jesus among write-in votes that helped sink Roy Moore

aguirreorproclen.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_vote

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